Table 1 The four domains for developing the cybersecurity innovation ecosystem

Regulation and governance

Towards a cybersecurity-resilient society

To have up-to-date policies, to support business development, to recognise the interdependencies among societies and the risks of cyber threats, and to strengthen international cooperation and knowledge exchange

Awareness and education

Improved public awareness of cybersecurity issues at all levels of society

To recognise the role of individuals in the cybersecurity ecosystem, and to design strategies and action plans for improving cyber resilience at different levels and in different spheres

Innovation capabilities

Improved prerequisites for open collaboration and co-creation between partners

To invest in cybersecurity start-ups and provide platforms (e.g. incubators, hubs), where R&D&I are driven in strong industry-academia collaboration, and to exploit public-private partnerships and procurement in advancing innovative solutions and businesses

Strategic development of technologies and businesses

Sharing futures orientation in addressing societal needs

To establish novel coordinating organs such as national cybersecurity centres or virtual hubs, to share understanding on the adoption of technologies in strategic planning both at the national and international levels, and to develop stakeholder dialogue