Table 1 Anticipatory governance framework with criteria in key literature

Governance transform [53]

(a) Emerging trends oriented from current issues driven,

(b) Long-term and strategic planning from short-term decision-making

(c) Statewide plans with shared vision and goals from individual agency plans and objectives

(d) Holistic approaches to crosscutting issues from piecemeal solution to immediate problems

System for the AG [9]

(a) Foresight system

(b) Networked system for integrating foresight and the policy process,

(c) Feedback system to gauge performance and also to manage “institutional” knowledge,

(d) Open-minded institutional culture

Strategic design [54]

(a) Vision of preferred futures that resonate strongly with people’s values and aspirations,

(b) Intelligence to identify critical emerging issues,

(c) Strategy development to translate aspirations into realities

Assessing the quality of the AG [10]

(a) Planning processes and foresight,

(b) Policy and regulatory framework,

(c) Policy and regulatory framework,

(d) Representation of future interests,

(e) Performance measure and reporting

(f) Resilience, risk reduction, and emergency management,

(g) Mechanisms for problem solving and consensus building for long-term policy challenge

Science Technology studies [32, 42]

(a) Foresight as an anticipation and assessment of new and emerging technologies,

(b) Engagement with the lay public to identify society concerns to R&D processing,

(c) Empowerment and integration for creation of opportunities and further long-term reflective capacity building