Table 1 Forms of power in relation to elements of participation (authors’ elaboration)
Element of participation/dimension of power | Who (subjects) Refers to the actors interacting | What (objects) Refers to the agenda of interactions | How (procedures) Refers to the rules of interactions |
|---|---|---|---|
Instrumental | Who decides who participates and who directly influences this decision? | Who sets the agenda of the process? | Who sets the rules of the process and controls their enactment? |
Structural | In what ways do structural conditions predetermine the selection and participation of actors? | In what ways do structural conditions circumscribe the issues which enter the agenda? | In what ways do structural conditions predetermine the formats of participation? |
Discursive | In reference to which norms and ideas are actors selected and positioned in the process? | How do ideas and norms shape the framing of issues and agendas? | To what norms, ideas, or standards do the formats of participation allude? |
Sources | Ideational and material | ||
Actors | Funding body, researchers, practitioners | ||