Table 5 Costs and benefits from the different measure packages in the recommendation scenario
From: CO2 reduction costs and benefits in transport: socio-technical scenarios
Measure package | Total costs; specifications | Total monetary benefits; specifications | CO2 emission reductions and unit costs |
|---|---|---|---|
Urban form, walking, cycling and public transport | 11,100 M€; 510 M€ annually to infrastructure projects, mobility management, increasing service level of public transport and uptake of buses using alternative energy | 14,300 M€; 3900 M€ health benefits + 4000 M€ reduction in new vehicle purchase costs + 3900 M€ reduction in fixed costs of cars, approx. 1000 €/car/year + 2500 M€ energy savings | 18.6 Mt, − 172 €/t |
Car-sharing and ride-sharing | 1000 M€; Systems required for car-sharing and ride-sharing, later automated cars, approx. 1000 €/car/year | 9300 M€; 4000 M€ reduction in new vehicle purchase costs + 3900 M€ reduction in fixed costs of cars, approx. 1000 €/car/year + 1400 M€ energy savings | 8.7 Mt, − 954 €/t |
Cars with reduced energy consumption | 3500 M€; Increased purchase costs of energy efficient cars, cost increase from 0 € to 5000 € during 2022–2050 | 1100 M€; Energy savings | 7.1 Mt, 338 €/t |
Cars exploiting alternative energy | 800 M€; 600 M€ increased purchase costs of plug-in hybrid, battery electric and hydrogen cars + 200 M€ investments in energy infrastructure | – | 4.5 Mt, 178 €/t emissions increase in the energy sector because of biogas, electricity and hydrogen production 3.6 Mt (BAU: 4.6 Mt) |
Alternative fuels | 400 M€; Higher price of alternative fuels | – | 7.1 Mt, 56 €/t emissions increase in the energy sector because of ethanol and renewable diesel production 5.9 Mt (BAU: 5.7 Mt) |
Energy efficiency in road freight vehicles | 2500 M€; Energy efficient trucks and vans | 1000 M€; Energy savings | 9.3 Mt, 161 €/t |
Alternative energy in freight transport | 1900 M€; 600 M€ higher price of renewable diesel + 1300 M€ LBG and infrastructure for marine freight transport | – | 12.2 Mt, 156 €/t emissions increase in the energy sector because of renewable diesel production 9.0 Mt (BAU: 4.2 Mt) |
Total | 21,200 M€ | 24,700 M€ | 68 Mt, −52 €/t |