Table 1 Mitigation policies and examples of measures in passenger and freight transport (based on [23, 27, 37])
From: CO2 reduction costs and benefits in transport: socio-technical scenarios
Mitigation policy | Behavioural measures | Technological measures |
|---|---|---|
Reducing transport activity | Densifying urban structure Restructuring supply chains | Replacing physical transport with ICT Improving the efficiency of vehicle routing |
Promoting modal shift | Mobility management Affecting the relative competitiveness of transport modes | Improving public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure Improving infrastructure for intermodal transport |
Improving energy efficiency | Increasing passenger occupancy rates Improving vehicle utilisation on laden trips and level of backhaulage Eco-driving | Reducing vehicle energy consumption |
Reducing carbon intensity of energy | Using vehicles exploiting alternative energy (electricity, hydrogen, biofuels) | Substituting oil-based fuels with biofuels, electricity or hydrogen |