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Table 3 Research background analysis

From: Corporate foresight: developing a process model

Authors (year)

Goal

Methodology

Findings

Important points

Battistella and Toni (2010) [4]

How to organize companies to predict future trends and to identify weak signals

Multiple case study

Samples include seven companies in telecommunication field of which five cases conducted foresight and two cases had no foresight

Providing a five-phase model: devising questions, studying, evaluating, devising scenarios and trends, publishing; proposed model is provided along a sample in selected company.

Design of proper and processed study

Introducing corporate foresight as a corporate research backup

Using foresight to provide new ideas and valuable information on business development

Recommendation to separate R&D by companies and equipping organization to corporate foresight tools to address future market development despite of today market

Emphasis on the relationship between foresight and R&D and strategy as a process to support strategic decision-making and or innovation and R&D

Efforts to provide a desired organizational structure to improve corporate foresight efficiency

Making assumption to conduct future surveys and studying causal relations among organizational variables and corporate foresight performance

Heger and Rohrbeck (2012) [14]

Combining the methods of strategic foresight to identify new businesses

Combining strategic management frameworks and strategic foresight methods as well as designing a format to support discovery of collective businesses; this format is later evaluated in far-distance communication project by the collaboration of experts from university and industry.

A four-phase model with 20 steps:

Phases: identifying the features of product, competition analysis, market analysis, financial analysis

How to evaluate new businesses

How to use strategic foresight to overcome barriers

How to identify new markets

Provide a process model with repetitive procedures which improve model reliability

Andersen and Andersen (2014) [2]

Describing co-evolution of foresight concepts, innovation and innovation policies in past 70 years

 

Providing a foresight model, foresight innovation system

Providing a systematic and contributive model, gathering future information smartly, and making mid- to long-term perspectives to decide at the time being and mobilizing all joints actions to improve innovation system performance by the ultimate goal of improving socio economic desired performance

Hideg et al. (2014) [15]

Introducing interactive foresight concept and process, theoretical considerations, conducting a project on developing foresight process development to shape future-oriented ideas on SMEs economic development in central region of Hungary

Using online networking techniques between stakeholders and SMES in central region of Hungary

Shareholders’ scenarios are shaped by 4 uncertainties and 16 scenarios. In the next step, the relationship between scenarios with social scenarios in Hungary 2025 are adapted and categorized.

Introducing interactive foresight concept and process

Future study process has a multiple interactive nature based on integrated future study

Utilizing online networking among stakeholders

Considering the special conditions of Hungary, the results of this research is useful for our country

Durst et al. (2015) [11]

Designing Risk Assessment and Horizon Scanning system (RAHS) aimed at designing, executing, and testing a web-based strategic foresight system

German Federal Armed Forces

Initially, foresight general model includes four phases and, finally, IT-based foresight developed model is represented.

Web-based collective census and joint conclusions

Using this model in three big international projects

Rohrbeck et al. (2015) [24]

Providing corporate foresight mode

 

Introducing five-phase model on future and determining possible barriers in each phase and their actors

Using environmental scanning mostly conducted by organizational gatekeepers

A transparent and applied model

Determining possible barriers in each phase and their actors

Kononiuk and Glińska (2015) [19]

Establishing foresight in small companies

Case study in door and window industry at small companies in Poland

Providing a format based on Hiltonen’s corporate foresight model

Providing a simple and applied process model

Explaining methods and stages of each phase

Determining corporate foresight maturity at the outset

Vishnevskiy et al. (2015) [38]

Conceiving foresight recent approaches and the importance of recognizing the relationship between foresight and roadmap to formulate corporate strategy and innovation management

Studying foresight status in over 40 projects and interviews with Russian companies in oil, gas and transportation within 5 years

An eight-phase framework in two corporate future study steps to develop the system of priorities and roadmaps to realize priorities

Research duration and the number of studied firms

Using an integrated roadmap as the final consequence of corporate foresight to devise a long-term development perspective which makes it possible to achieve a thorough insight in all levels and for all shareholders and stakeholders.

Højland and Rohrbeck (2017) [16]

Studying the impact of corporate foresight activities in discovering new markets

Categorizing business development activities in uncertain environments by using corporate foresight

Adapting development patterns of each company with proposed framework, attempts to extend such model in other industries/companies

Three case studies in bottom of pyramid (BOP) markets

Providing a bi-dimensional model on corporate foresight; the dimensions of the proposed model include: foresight with such components as conception, discovery, exploration, and entry into international markets with creation of profitable products, creating a distribution chain and sustainable value, creating a market through joint creation and in-depth dialogues

Studying the impact of corporate foresight activities on discovering new markets and studying models to identify new markets

Using a bi-dimensional model

Very huge difference among samples (which improves findings generalizability)