Table 1 Foresight common models
Author | Steps | Descriptions |
|---|---|---|
Martin [20] | Pre-foresight, foresight, post-foresight | Pre-foresight (jobs which should be done before foresight); foresight and post-foresight (foresight results execution process) |
Saritas [32] | Internal and external context | Internal context is a combination of structures (e.g., internal processes, trends, equipment, and technologies) and behaviors (e.g., culture, policy, social interactions, skills, motivation, capability, and management style). Also, foresight locates in external context and their surrounding systems |
Miles [21] | Pre-foresight, best utilization, creating an image of future, execution, revision | Â |
Horton | Inputs, foresight, outputs | In input step, existing information yield to foresight knowledge generation. Acquired knowledge is translated and interpreted so that a future conception is made. Finally, such conception is synchronized and evaluated to create a kind of commitment for action and execution in organization |
Reger [23] | Determining information needs, selecting research scope, data collection, data scanning, analyzing and interpreting, preparing the decision Evaluation, decision-making, executing, and implementing | Â |
Voros [37] | Data collection, analysis, interpretation, output perspective making, strategy formulation | Strategic general foresight process framework |
Godet [12] | Brainstorming, decision-making, operation design | A three-phase (and nine-step) process |
Developed model [10] | Selecting the methodology and designing details, creating the network of stakeholders, goal setting, choosing the issue, execution and decision-making | Execution includes (1) current knowledge gathering and analysis, (2) description process on current trends and future facilities and providing proposals, and (3) commitment which means to disseminate proposals among stakeholders and finally, formulating strategies and proposals and developing strategic choices understanding among decision-makers |
Popper [22] | A nine-phase mode | Major phases are similar to Miles’ albeit nine-phase components are added to foresight process; give components are on pre-foresight, one component is on utilization phase, and one component is on creation phase which impacts on other two next phases namely action and revision |