Table 1 Key elements of the relationship between media and politics in the litany layer
| Key elements | Mainstream | Alternative |
|---|---|---|
| Media ownership |
State monopoly in broadcasting State-owned press State-owned media infrastructure State-owned national data network |
Private and commercial ownership in press media Foreign ownership in digital and social media |
| Media control |
Licensing and license detention Filtering Parasites Restrictions on broadband infrastructures |
VPNs, anti-filters, and other internet proxies Satellite television channels Underground publications |
| Media content production |
Traditionalist Islamist Anti-Western |
Secular Modernist Pro-Western Semi-nationalist |