Table 1 Key elements of the relationship between media and politics in the litany layer
Key elements | Mainstream | Alternative |
|---|---|---|
Media ownership | State monopoly in broadcasting State-owned press State-owned media infrastructure State-owned national data network | Private and commercial ownership in press media Foreign ownership in digital and social media |
Media control | Licensing and license detention Filtering Parasites Restrictions on broadband infrastructures | VPNs, anti-filters, and other internet proxies Satellite television channels Underground publications |
Media content production | Traditionalist Islamist Anti-Western | Secular Modernist Pro-Western Semi-nationalist |