Table 5 Hybrid foresight tools. Delphi method variants and other management methods in the hybrid foresight study

 Classical Delphi [7]

x

The Delphi questionnaire included various key elements of the classical Delphi method like trend assessment, importance assessment, and analysis of weak signals and wild cards.

 Policy Delphi [31]

x

Three interest groups were identified in the stakeholder analysis: reference laboratory operators, companies, and administration operators.

 Decision Delphi [50]

x

A final policy brief was reported.

 Electronic Delphi [36]

x

Using digital Delphi e-tool: www.edelphi.org.

 Modified Delphi

x

See Popper’s foresight method diamond (Fig. 1).

 Ranking-type Delphi [52]

x

In many special research questions, like rating the objects of the measurement activity.

 Real-time Delphi [14]

x

Using digital Delphi e-tool: www.edelphi.org.

 Argument Delphi [29]

x

In some special research questions, like processing of future images.

 Disaggregative Policy Delphi [58]

x

Not used in this study.

 EFTE Delphi [42]

x

There were various feedback loops.

 Mini Delphi

x

Mini-Delphi was organized to analyze research infrastructure (RI) criteria. Mini Delphi was motivated by the availability of a limited expertise group in this special issue.

 Online Delphi [14]

x

Using environment www.edelphi.org.

 Technological Delphi

x

Especially in the context of research infrastructure analyses and the Boston Consulting Group Matrix.

 SWOT-analysis

x

Combined with Delphi methods.

 BCG Matrix

x

Combined with Delphi methods and foresight workshop.

 Research Infrastructure analysis

x

Combined with Delphi methods.

 Platform analysis

x

Combined with Delphi methods.

 Integrative Foresight Workshop

x

Combined with Delphi methods.